THE CHEMISTRY OF ANTIOXIDANTS

L-Ascorbic Acid Breakdown

L-Ascorbic Acid (LAA) is the most biologically active form of Vitamin C. It donates electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by UV exposure. However, it is notoriously unstable in aqueous solutions.

To penetrate the stratum corneum, LAA must be formulated at a pH under 3.5. If the pH is higher, the molecule carries a charge and is repelled by the skin's lipid barrier.

The Antioxidant Network

Molecules rarely work best in isolation. LAA efficacy and stability are significantly multiplied when combined with:

• Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol): A lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects cellular membranes.
• Ferulic Acid: A plant-based phenolic compound that lowers the pH of the formula and stabilizes both Vitamin C and E, doubling their photoprotective capabilities.